Schooler GR, Cravero JP, Callahan MJ. Assessing and conveying risks and benefits of imaging in neonates using ionizing radiation and sedation/anesthesia. Pediatr Radiol. 2021 Jul 20. doi: 10.1007/s00247-021-05138-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34283256.

Abstract
Neonates represent a unique subset of the pediatric population that requires special attention and careful thought when implementing advanced cross-sectional imaging with CT or MRI. The ionizing radiation associated with CT and the sedation/anesthesia occasionally required for MRI present risks that must be balanced against the perceived benefit of the imaging examination in the unique and particularly susceptible neonatal population. We review the perceived risks of ionizing radiation and the more concrete risks of sedation/anesthesia in term and preterm neonates in the context of an imaging paradigm. When the expected diagnostic yield from CT and MRI is similar, and sedation is required for MRI but not for CT, CT likely has the higher benefit-to-risk ratio in the neonate. However, despite the risks, the most appropriate imaging modality should always be chosen after thoughtful consideration is given to each unique patient and informed discussions including radiology, anesthesia, neonatology and the parents/caregivers are pursued.

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Raper J, Simon HK, Kamat PP. Long-term evidence of neonatal anaesthesia neurotoxicity linked to behavioural phenotypes in monkeys: where do we go from here? Br J Anaesth. 2021 Jul 13:S0007-0912(21)00358-5. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.06.005. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34272059.

Abstract
Whether anaesthesia exposure early in life leads to brain damage with long-lasting structural and behavioural consequences in primates has not been conclusively determined. A study in the British Journal of Anaesthesia by Neudecker and colleagues found that 2 yr after early anaesthesia exposure, monkeys exhibited signs of chronic astrogliosis which correlate with behavioural deficits. Given the increasing frequency of exposure to anaesthetics in infancy in humans, clinical trials are greatly needed to understand how sedative/anaesthetic agents may be impacting brain and behaviour development.

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